Base which applied Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0. microarray system. To our knowledge, this study is the first whole genomic oligonucleotide microarray study containing CRC, adenoma and normal biopsy samples together available in GEO which can be suitable for the identification of discriminatory transcripts even between early stage CRC and high-grade dysplastic adenoma tissues. The common pre-processing of the data files from different studies resulted in a clear separation of not only diseased and normal samples, but of adenoma and CRC samples as well. However, the datasets of the different studies are difficult to handle together as the differences of sample SIS3 preparation can distort the results: thiscase can cause the overestimation of the efficacy of adenoma and CRC discrimination. Among the 11 discriminatory transcripts, except COL12A1, ten (namely IL8, MMP3, IL1B, CHI3L1, GREM1, IL1RN, CXCL1, CXCL2, CA7 and SLC7A5) are thought to be associated with colorectal get 80-49-9 carcinogenesis and progression. In accordance with our findings, 7 of them, such as IL8, CHI3L1, CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP3, SLC7A5 and CA7, were found to be differentially expressed in CRC compared to normal tissue in previous microarray studies [5?,9?0,12,26?1]. CA7 [29] was also found to be downregulated not only in carcinoma, but in adenoma samples. Interleukin 8 (IL8) promotes cell proliferation and migration of human colon carcinoma cells through metalloproteinase-cleavage proHB-EGF [32]. The expression of SLC7A5 cationic amino acid transporter was also found to be significantly associated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis [33], moreover it seems to play an important role in enhancing the tumor growth in vivo [34]. The secreted interleukin-like Gro-alpha 
oncogene (CXCL1) and matrix-metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) promote tumor initiation and growth (21?2), while 
chitinase 3 like-1 (CHI3L1) can protect cancer or/and stromal cells against apoptosis [35]. Elevated expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) mRNA increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer [36]. Although, it is known that IL1B polymorphisms are associated with tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancers [37], the function of this gene has not been clarified in CRC. Gremlin 1 (GREM1) as an antagonist of bone morphogenic proteins, has been shown to regulate early development and tumorigenesis. It was overexpressed in various human tumors and plays an oncogenic role especially in carcinomasBiomarkers for Dysplasia-Carcinoma TransitionFigure 3. Separation of high-grade dysplastic adenoma and early cancer samples using the set of 11 transcripts. A. Microarray B. Realtime PCR C. Heat map of real-time PCR D. Real-time PCR considering the changes in the diagnosis E. Heat map of real time PCR considering the changes in the diagnosis; Adenoma HGD = high-grade dysplastic adenoma, CRC early stage = colorectal cancer early stage. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048547.gincluding CRC [38]. In previous studies, a highly significant upregulation of CXCL2 chemokine was found in CRC compared to normal colonic mucosa which could be already detected also in benign adenoma referring to the involvement of CXCL2 in the dysplasia-carcinoma transition [39]. In summary, this study identified a set of 11 discriminatory transcripts which could correctly classify not just normal, adenoma and CRC biopsies, but high-grade dysplastic adenoma and early stage CRC samples, even if using a large independent sample set.Although 10 of the 11 discriminatory gene.Base which applied Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0. microarray system. To our knowledge, this study is the first whole genomic oligonucleotide microarray study containing CRC, adenoma and normal biopsy samples together available in GEO which can be suitable for the identification of discriminatory transcripts even between early stage CRC and high-grade dysplastic adenoma tissues. The common pre-processing of the data files from different studies resulted in a clear separation of not only diseased and normal samples, but of adenoma and CRC samples as well. However, the datasets of the different studies are difficult to handle together as the differences of sample preparation can distort the results: thiscase can cause the overestimation of the efficacy of adenoma and CRC discrimination. Among the 11 discriminatory transcripts, except COL12A1, ten (namely IL8, MMP3, IL1B, CHI3L1, GREM1, IL1RN, CXCL1, CXCL2, CA7 and SLC7A5) are thought to be associated with colorectal carcinogenesis and progression. In accordance with our findings, 7 of them, such as IL8, CHI3L1, CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP3, SLC7A5 and CA7, were found to be differentially expressed in CRC compared to normal tissue in previous microarray studies [5?,9?0,12,26?1]. CA7 [29] was also found to be downregulated not only in carcinoma, but in adenoma samples. Interleukin 8 (IL8) promotes cell proliferation and migration of human colon carcinoma cells through metalloproteinase-cleavage proHB-EGF [32]. The expression of SLC7A5 cationic amino acid transporter was also found to be significantly associated with cell proliferation and angiogenesis [33], moreover it seems to play an important role in enhancing the tumor growth in vivo [34]. The secreted interleukin-like Gro-alpha oncogene (CXCL1) and matrix-metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) promote tumor initiation and growth (21?2), while chitinase 3 like-1 (CHI3L1) can protect cancer or/and stromal cells against apoptosis [35]. Elevated expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) mRNA increases the risk of non-small cell lung cancer [36]. Although, it is known that IL1B polymorphisms are associated with tumor recurrence in stage II colon cancers [37], the function of this gene has not been clarified in CRC. Gremlin 1 (GREM1) as an antagonist of bone morphogenic proteins, has been shown to regulate early development and tumorigenesis. It was overexpressed in various human tumors and plays an oncogenic role especially in carcinomasBiomarkers for Dysplasia-Carcinoma TransitionFigure 3. Separation of high-grade dysplastic adenoma and early cancer samples using the set of 11 transcripts. A. Microarray B. Realtime PCR C. Heat map of real-time PCR D. Real-time PCR considering the changes in the diagnosis E. Heat map of real time PCR considering the changes in the diagnosis; Adenoma HGD = high-grade dysplastic adenoma, CRC early stage = colorectal cancer early stage. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048547.gincluding CRC [38]. In previous studies, a highly significant upregulation of CXCL2 chemokine was found in CRC compared to normal colonic mucosa which could be already detected also in benign adenoma referring to the involvement of CXCL2 in the dysplasia-carcinoma transition [39]. In summary, this study identified a set of 11 discriminatory transcripts which could correctly classify not just normal, adenoma and CRC biopsies, but high-grade dysplastic adenoma and early stage CRC samples, even if using a large independent sample set.Although 10 of the 11 discriminatory gene.