Uplicate experiments 6 standard error of the mean. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gFigure 4. Effect of acetate PD 168393 supplier depletion on aerobic and anaerobic growth. Growth of L. johnsonii NCC 533 in a chemically defined medium with 12 mM Na-acetate (square symbols) and without 12 mM Na-acetate (round symbols) in stirred pH controlled cultures sparged with N2+5 CO2 (closed symbols) or N2+20 O2+5 CO2 (open symbols) at a rate of 500 ml/min. Data are average of independent triplicate experiments 6 standard deviation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gother members of the acidophilus-group (see Supplement, table S1), indicating that these species lack the capacity for autonomous acetyl-CoA production from their central energy metabolism (Figure 5). The L. johnsonii genome does encode an enzyme that could provide the cell with both CO2 and acetate, namely pyruvate oxidase (POX). POX catalyzes a reaction that requires molecular oxygen as a co-substrate, and therefore its activity may directly explain the observed physiological consequences of the presence of oxygen (aerobic growth is independent of an external CO2 and acetate source). Therefore, we hypothesized that oxygen availability relieves the CO2 and acetate dependency by the pyruvate oxidase derived supply of both these metabolites.Acetate and CO2 Dependency of a pox-deletion MutantTo test the proposed hypothesis, a pox deletion derivate that lacks the pyruvate oxidase encoding gene was constructed. Under anaerobic condition in an atmosphere supplemented 
1662274 
with 5 CO2, the growth rate of the order Fruquintinib mutant in MRS was similar to that observed for NCC 533. Moreover, under these conditions the wild-type and its pox-deletion derivative displayed a comparable growth arrest upon CO2 depletion. However, under aerobic conditions, shutting down the 5 CO2 supply elicited rapid growth stagnation of the pox mutant (Figure 6), which is in clear contrast to the wild-type that continues to grow under these conditions. Clearly, the deletion of pox resulted in a L. johnsonii mutant that depended on exogenous CO2 supplementation for aerobic growth. This fully supports the proposed pivotal role of the pox-encoded pyruvate oxidase enzyme in the generation of this essential C1-source under these conditions. Analogous to the CO2 supply provided by the POX-pathway under aerobic conditions, it would be expected that this pathway also provides an acetate supply when oxygen is available. Consequently, the pox mutant would be expected to be more hampered aerobically in media that lack exogenous acetate as compared to the wild-type strain.Figure 5. Schematic overview of pyruvate metabolism in L. johnsonii. Overview of pyruvate metabolism based on genome annotation. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase. POX: pyruvate oxidase. ACK: Acetate kinase. PAT: Phosphate acetyltransferase. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gGenerally, the pyruvate oxidase deficient mutant displayed slower growth rates than the wild type, independent of the presence of oxygen (Figure 7A). However, growth of the pox mutant in the absence of acetate differed considerably, i.e., the typical oxygen relief of the acetate dependency that was observed for the wild type was not observed for the pox mutant (Figure 7B), which supports our hypothesized role of pyruvate oxidase in generating C2-compounds.Oxygen Effect on Lactobacillus Growth RequirementsFigure 6. Aerobic CO2 requirement of a NCC 9333 mutant. Growth of the NCC 533 (closed symbols) and NCC 9333 (open symbols) as me.Uplicate experiments 6 standard error of the mean. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gFigure 4. Effect of acetate depletion on aerobic and anaerobic growth. Growth of L. johnsonii NCC 533 in a chemically defined medium with 12 mM Na-acetate (square symbols) and without 12 mM Na-acetate (round symbols) in stirred pH controlled cultures sparged with N2+5 CO2 (closed symbols) or N2+20 O2+5 CO2 (open symbols) at a rate of 500 ml/min. Data are average of independent triplicate experiments 6 standard deviation. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gother members of the acidophilus-group (see Supplement, table S1), indicating that these species lack the capacity for autonomous acetyl-CoA production from their central energy metabolism (Figure 5). The L. johnsonii genome does encode an enzyme that could provide the cell with both CO2 and acetate, namely pyruvate oxidase (POX). POX catalyzes a reaction that requires molecular oxygen as a co-substrate, and therefore its activity may directly explain the observed physiological consequences of the presence of oxygen (aerobic growth is independent of an external CO2 and acetate source). Therefore, we hypothesized that oxygen availability relieves the CO2 and acetate dependency by the pyruvate oxidase derived supply of both these metabolites.Acetate and CO2 Dependency of a pox-deletion MutantTo test the proposed hypothesis, a pox deletion derivate that lacks the pyruvate oxidase encoding gene was constructed. Under anaerobic condition in an atmosphere supplemented 1662274 with 5 CO2, the growth rate of the mutant in MRS was similar to that observed for NCC 533. Moreover, under these conditions the wild-type and its pox-deletion derivative displayed a comparable growth arrest upon CO2 depletion. However, under aerobic conditions, shutting down the 5 CO2 supply elicited rapid growth stagnation of the pox mutant (Figure 6), which is in clear contrast to the wild-type that continues to grow under these conditions. Clearly, the deletion of pox resulted in a L. johnsonii mutant that depended on exogenous CO2 supplementation for aerobic growth. This fully supports the proposed pivotal role of the pox-encoded pyruvate oxidase enzyme in the generation of this essential C1-source under these conditions. Analogous to the CO2 supply provided by the POX-pathway under aerobic conditions, it would be expected that this pathway also provides an acetate supply when oxygen is available. Consequently, the pox mutant would be expected to be more hampered aerobically in media that lack exogenous acetate as compared to the wild-type strain.Figure 5. Schematic overview of pyruvate metabolism in L. johnsonii. Overview of pyruvate metabolism based on genome annotation. LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase. POX: pyruvate oxidase. ACK: Acetate kinase. PAT: Phosphate acetyltransferase. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057235.gGenerally, the pyruvate oxidase deficient mutant displayed slower growth rates than the wild type, independent of the presence of oxygen (Figure 7A). However, growth of the pox mutant in the absence of acetate differed considerably, i.e., the typical oxygen relief of the acetate dependency that was observed for the wild type was not observed for the pox mutant (Figure 7B), which supports our hypothesized role of pyruvate oxidase in generating C2-compounds.Oxygen Effect on Lactobacillus Growth RequirementsFigure 6. Aerobic CO2 requirement of a NCC 9333 mutant. Growth of the NCC 533 (closed symbols) and NCC 9333 (open symbols) as me.