Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) expected the improvement and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Having said that, the units of analysis (words and phrases) have been identical in each research, as had been the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons expected raw score variations equal or higher than four.0 for H.M. versus the control imply (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus four); the upper limit difference between H.M. plus the control mean was six.0 SDs when the standard deviation (SD) for the manage mean was 0.0; and differences involving H.M. as well as the control mean had to equal or exceed two.0 SDs to be regarded trusted (see the supplementary components for detailed justifications of those non-arbitrary conventions). 2. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Free Association: A Compensation Strategy To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis created in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) whether or not H.M. produces much more word- and phrase-level cost-free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) no matter whether his cost-free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans which can be novel, coherent, precise, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level no cost associations on the TLC or how they may possibly offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), cost-free associations express thoughts which might be inappropriate or unrelated for the existing situational or conceptual context, but strongly associated to facts 
in immediate or long term memory. Constant with this definition, word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations happen when speakers produce a word or familiar phrase that’s unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to details in immediate or long-term memory. For example, the comment that is in her way is usually a phrase-level no cost association when discussing how she wants issues carried out her way simply because (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that is in her way and she desires points completed her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases wants issues accomplished her way and is in her way are connected in long term memory via the shared phonological type way. Mainly because H.M. produced reliably a lot more proposition-level free associations than memory-normal controls around the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to make reliably additional word- and phrase-level totally free associations in Study 1, plus the question was whether and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level free associations could have compensated for his troubles in creating sentences which are novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Solutions To score word- and phrase-level free of charge associations inside the TLC (R)-QVD-OPH mechanism of action database, 3 judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to each and every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level no cost associations (two or much more words in an utterance that had been closely connected to each and every other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations unrelated to the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level totally free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or additional judges have been marked inside a final trans.