Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) expected the improvement and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. On the other hand, the units of analysis (words and phrases) had been identical in both studies, as have been the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons essential raw score differences equal or higher than four.0 for H.M. versus the control mean (as in sign tests, exactly where the minimum signed distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus four); the upper limit difference involving H.M. and 
also the manage imply was six.0 SDs when the typical deviation (SD) for the manage imply was 0.0; and differences amongst H.M. plus the handle mean had to equal or exceed 2.0 SDs to become thought of trustworthy (see the supplementary materials for detailed justifications of these non-arbitrary conventions). 2. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Absolutely free Association: A Compensation Strategy To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) whether or not H.M. produces a lot more word- and phrase-level no cost associations than controls around the TLC, and (b) whether or not his free of OT-R antagonist 1 charge associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans that happen to be novel, coherent, correct, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level free of charge associations around the TLC or how they may well offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), free associations express thoughts that are inappropriate or unrelated to the current situational or conceptual context, but strongly related to facts in quick or long-term memory. Constant with this definition, word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations take place when speakers produce a word or familiar phrase that’s unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to data in quick or long-term memory. As an example, the comment that’s in her way is a phrase-level free of charge association when discussing how she wants things carried out her way simply because (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that is in her way and she wants factors accomplished her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases wants items accomplished her way and is in her way are connected in long term memory through the shared phonological form way. Due to the fact H.M. produced reliably far more proposition-level free associations than memory-normal controls on the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to create reliably more word- and phrase-level cost-free associations in Study 1, and also the question was no matter whether and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level cost-free associations could have compensated for his challenges in creating sentences which are novel, coherent, correct, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Methods To score word- and phrase-level free associations within the TLC database, 3 judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level free of charge associations (two or additional words in an utterance that have been closely connected to every other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level totally free associations unrelated to the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level totally free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or much more judges were marked in a final trans.