Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) needed the improvement and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Having said that, the units of evaluation (words and phrases) had been identical in each studies, as have been the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons necessary raw score variations equal or greater than 4.0 for H.M. versus the control mean (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed difference for statistical reliability is 0 versus 4); the upper limit distinction among H.M. along with the handle imply was six.0 SDs when the regular deviation (SD) for the control imply was 0.0; and variations involving H.M. and also the control imply had to equal or exceed two.0 SDs to become regarded reliable (see the supplementary materials for detailed justifications of those non-arbitrary conventions). two. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Free of charge Association: A Compensation Method To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) no matter whether H.M. produces much more word- and phrase-level free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) irrespective of whether his free of charge associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans that are novel, coherent, correct, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level free of charge associations around the TLC or how they may well offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), no cost associations express thoughts which are inappropriate or Centrinone-B site unrelated for the existing situational or conceptual context, but strongly associated to details in quick or long-term memory. Consistent with this definition, word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations take place when speakers generate a word or familiar phrase that is certainly unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to data in quick or long term memory. As an example, the comment that’s in her way is actually a phrase-level totally free association when discussing how she wants factors completed her way due to the fact (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that’s in her way and she desires factors done her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases desires things done her way and is in her way are connected in long term memory by way of the shared phonological type way. Due to the fact H.M. produced reliably more proposition-level totally free associations than memory-normal controls on the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to make reliably much more word- and phrase-level cost-free associations in Study 1, plus the question was whether or not and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level free associations could have compensated for his troubles in developing sentences that happen to be novel, coherent, precise, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Strategies To score word- and phrase-level cost-free associations in the TLC database, three judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level absolutely free associations (two or additional words in an utterance that have been closely connected to each other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level free of charge associations unrelated to the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level no cost associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed 
by two or far more judges have been marked in a final trans.