Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) necessary the improvement and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Nevertheless, the units of evaluation (words and phrases) were identical in each studies, as were the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons required raw score variations equal or higher than 4.0 for H.M. versus the control imply (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus four); the upper limit distinction amongst H.M. and the control imply was six.0 SDs when the common deviation (SD) for the control imply was 0.0; and differences amongst H.M. and also the manage imply had to equal or exceed two.0 SDs to become deemed dependable (see the supplementary materials for detailed justifications of these non-arbitrary conventions). 2. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Free Association: A Compensation Tactic To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) no matter whether H.M. produces much more word- and phrase-level no cost associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) whether or not his totally free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans that are novel, coherent, correct, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level totally free associations around the TLC or how they may well offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), free of charge associations express thoughts that are inappropriate or unrelated towards the present situational or conceptual context, but strongly related to details in quick or long term memory. Consistent with this definition, word- and phrase-level free associations take place when speakers create a 
word or familiar phrase that is definitely unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to information and facts in immediate or long term memory. For example, the comment that is in her way is actually a phrase-level totally free association when discussing how she wants items completed her way for the reason that (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that’s in her way and she desires points performed her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases wants things completed her way and is in her way are connected in long-term AZ6102 site memory by means of the shared phonological form way. Simply because H.M. produced reliably additional proposition-level free associations than memory-normal controls on the TLC (see [2]), we anticipated him to produce reliably more word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations in Study 1, as well as the query was no matter whether and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level cost-free associations could have compensated for his challenges in producing sentences which are novel, coherent, correct, and grammatical around the TLC. 2.1. Techniques To score word- and phrase-level cost-free associations within the TLC database, 3 judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level no cost associations (two or much more words in an utterance that were closely connected to every other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level cost-free associations unrelated for the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level free of charge associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or far more judges have been marked in a final trans.