Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) required the development and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Having said that, the units of evaluation (words and phrases) had been GSK2838232 custom synthesis identical in each research, as were the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons essential raw score differences equal or higher than 4.0 for H.M. versus the manage mean (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed difference for statistical reliability is 0 versus four); the upper limit difference amongst H.M. and also the manage imply was six.0 SDs when the typical deviation (SD) for the control mean was 0.0; and variations amongst H.M. along with the control mean had to equal or exceed two.0 SDs to become deemed trustworthy (see the supplementary components for detailed justifications of these non-arbitrary conventions). two. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Free of charge Association: A Compensation Technique To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) whether or not H.M. produces a lot more word- and phrase-level free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) regardless of whether his absolutely free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans which are novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level cost-free associations on the TLC or how they may well offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), totally free associations express thoughts which might be inappropriate or unrelated to the existing situational or conceptual context, but strongly connected to details in immediate or long-term memory. Consistent with this definition, word- and phrase-level totally free associations happen when speakers generate a word or familiar phrase which is unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to information in quick or long-term memory. For example, the comment that is in her way is a phrase-level cost-free association when discussing how she wants items accomplished her way since (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that’s in her way and she wants factors completed her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases desires factors performed her way and is in her way are connected in long-term memory by means of the shared phonological form way. Since H.M. created reliably extra proposition-level no cost associations than memory-normal controls on the TLC (see [2]), we anticipated him to produce reliably additional word- and phrase-level free associations in Study 1, along with the query was whether or not and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level free of charge associations could have compensated for his problems in developing sentences which might be novel, coherent, precise, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Strategies To score word- and phrase-level totally free associations within the TLC database, three judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to each and every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level totally free associations (two or far more words in an utterance that had been closely connected to each and every other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level free associations unrelated towards the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level totally free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or extra judges have been marked inside a final trans.