Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) required the development and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. However, the units of analysis (words and phrases) have been identical in each studies, as had been the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons expected raw score variations equal or greater than 4.0 for H.M. versus the control imply (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus four); the upper limit distinction between H.M. plus the manage mean was six.0 SDs when the regular deviation (SD) for the manage mean was 0.0; and differences involving H.M. plus the manage imply had to equal or exceed two.0 SDs to be viewed as dependable (see the supplementary components for detailed justifications of these non-arbitrary conventions). 2. Study 1: Word- and Hypericin site phrase-level Free Association: A Compensation Strategy To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis created in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) whether or not H.M. produces much more word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) no matter whether his absolutely free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans which might be novel, coherent, precise, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level totally free associations on the TLC or how they may possibly offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), cost-free associations express thoughts that happen to be inappropriate or unrelated to the existing situational or conceptual context, but strongly associated to facts in instant or long-term memory. Constant with this definition, word- and phrase-level free associations take place when speakers create a word or familiar phrase which is unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to details in immediate or long term memory. For example, the comment that is in her way is really a phrase-level no cost association when discussing how she wants issues carried out her way simply because (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that is in her way and she wants points completed her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases wants issues accomplished her way and is in her way are connected in long term memory by way of the shared phonological type way. Mainly because H.M. created reliably a lot more proposition-level totally free associations than memory-normal controls around the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to make reliably more word- and phrase-level free of charge associations in Study 1, and the question was whether and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level free associations could have compensated for his troubles in producing sentences which are novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Methods To score word- and phrase-level free of charge associations inside the TLC database, three judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every single word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level free associations (two or much more words in an utterance that had been closely connected to every single other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level free associations unrelated to the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level totally free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or additional judges were marked inside a final trans.