Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) necessary the improvement and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Nonetheless, the units of analysis (words and phrases) were identical in both research, as were the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons necessary raw score differences equal or greater than four.0 for H.M. versus the handle mean (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus 4); the upper limit difference amongst H.M. as well as the control mean was 6.0 SDs when the standard deviation (SD) for the control imply was 0.0; and variations involving H.M. as well as the handle imply had to equal or exceed 2.0 SDs to be regarded as reliable (see the supplementary supplies for detailed justifications of those non-arbitrary conventions). two. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Free of charge Association: A Compensation Strategy To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) regardless of whether H.M. produces more word- and phrase-level free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) whether or not his free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans which are novel, coherent, precise, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level absolutely free associations on the TLC or how they may well offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), absolutely free associations express thoughts which are inappropriate or unrelated towards the current situational or conceptual context, but strongly associated to information in instant or long term memory. Consistent with this definition, word- and phrase-level free associations happen when speakers produce a word or familiar phrase that is certainly unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly associated to data in instant or long-term memory. For example, the comment that’s in her way is actually a phrase-level cost-free association when discussing how she desires things done her way due to the fact (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that is in her way and she wants items accomplished her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases desires factors carried out her way and is in her way are connected in long term memory by way of the shared phonological form way. Simply because H.M. produced reliably more proposition-level totally free associations than memory-normal controls around the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to produce reliably a lot more word- and phrase-level totally free associations in Study 1, and also the question was no matter whether and how E133 PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level totally free associations could have compensated for his challenges in developing sentences which are novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical around the TLC. 2.1. Techniques To score word- and phrase-level free of charge associations within the TLC database, three judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level free associations (two or more words in an utterance that had been closely connected to every single other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level cost-free associations unrelated for the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level cost-free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or extra judges were marked inside a final trans.