Rsus encoding, and omission- versus commission-type encoding errors) required the development and implementation of procedures for specifying speaker intent. Nevertheless, the units of analysis (words and phrases) had been identical in each research, as had been the statistical conventions: Meaningful statistical comparisons expected raw score differences equal or greater than four.0 for H.M. versus the control mean (as in sign tests, where the minimum signed 
distinction for statistical reliability is 0 versus 4); the upper limit distinction amongst H.M. and also the manage imply was 6.0 SDs when the normal deviation (SD) for the control imply was 0.0; and variations among H.M. plus the control mean had to equal or exceed 2.0 SDs to be regarded reliable (see the supplementary supplies for detailed justifications of those non-arbitrary conventions). 2. Study 1: Word- and Phrase-Level Absolutely free Association: A Compensation Tactic To evaluate and possibly extend the compensation hypothesis get α-Amino-1H-indole-3-acetic acid developed in MacKay et al. [2], Study 1 examined (a) regardless of whether H.M. produces a lot more word- and phrase-level cost-free associations than controls on the TLC, and (b) irrespective of whether his cost-free associations serve to compensate for his inability to construct phrase-level plans which can be novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical. No other study has examined word- and phrase-level free of charge associations around the TLC or how they could possibly offset H.M.’s language production deficits. As classically defined (see [29]), cost-free associations express thoughts which are inappropriate or unrelated to the current situational or conceptual context, but strongly related to info in quick or long term memory. Consistent with this definition, word- and phrase-level cost-free associations occur when speakers produce a word or familiar phrase which is unrelated in meaning to its situational, conceptual, or utterance context but strongly related to information in instant or long term memory. By way of example, the comment that is in her way is really a phrase-level free association when discussing how she wants issues done her way since (a) the word way has fundamentally differentBrain Sci. 2013,meanings in that is in her way and she wants issues performed her way, and (b) the familiar verb phrases wants items accomplished her way and is in her way are connected in long-term memory by way of the shared phonological kind way. Since H.M. developed reliably much more proposition-level free of charge associations than memory-normal controls on the TLC (see [2]), we expected him to produce reliably a lot more word- and phrase-level free of charge associations in Study 1, plus the query was no matter if and how PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21338362 his word- and phrase-level no cost associations could have compensated for his challenges in building sentences which are novel, coherent, accurate, and grammatical around the TLC. two.1. Solutions To score word- and phrase-level free of charge associations in the TLC database, 3 judges (not blind to H.M.’s identity) received: (a) the word-picture stimuli in MacKay et al. [11]; (b) the transcribed responses to every single word-picture stimulus; (c) a definition of phrase-level cost-free associations (two or far more words in an utterance that were closely related to every single other but unrelated or inappropriate to their situational andor within-utterance context); and (d) hypothetical examples of word- and phrase-level cost-free associations unrelated towards the TLC transcripts. The judges then marked word- and phrase-level cost-free associations on their transcripts, and examples confirmed by two or a lot more judges had been marked in a final trans.