Rent GLMMs, working with the tree along with the plot as random variables and the height level (4 levels) was included as independent categorical variable in the Model-1, Bomedemstat References whereas the orientation (5 levels) was integrated as independent categorical variable in the Model-2, respectively. In each models, a damaging binomial distribution was made use of to take into account data overdispersion. Additionally, a different two GLMMs had been carried out to assess the impact of the independent variables orography (valley/hillside), trunk perimeter, understory (presence/absence), solar orientation and cork extraction height on the tree broken intensity (response variable) caused by C. undatus (Model-3) and R. grassei (Model-4) separately, such as the plot as a random variable in both models. We also employed a adverse binomial distribution to consider information overdispersion. The post hoc tests (Fisher LSD with Bonferroni corrections) D-Glutamic acid Description inside the mixed evaluation were created to check for significant differences among the degree of categorical variables. Due to the compact variety of trees damaged by R. grassei, 25 trees with no damage had been randomly chosen in the overall sample to be included in the Model-4 and no statistical analyses had been performed to verify variations between the four height levels and the four orientations. All the statistical evaluation have been carried out applying Info-Stat software program [34].Forests 2021, 12,7 of3. Benefits three.1. Incidence of C. undatus and R. grassei Of your total trees showing some kind of harm by wood boring insects, 188 (88.26) had been only impacted by C. undatus, whereas 22 trees (ten.23) had exclusively damages caused by R. grassei and only 5 trees (two.34) shared damages by both species. From the 381 examined trees, 49.3 were not damaged by C. undatus and 50.7 had some amount of damage by this boring beetle, which was present in nine of your twelve sampling plots. Only P1, P6 and P11 are cost-free of lesions. In addition, the majority of them showed an incredibly low damage level. Detailing the information of tree damage intensity (DI), the higher percentages correspond to these showing a very low damage level (Figure two).Figure 2. Incidence of C. undatus in percentage of trees per plot (P) showing unique damage intensity.You can find, on the other hand, some plots with a crucial proportion of trees reaching the higher or pretty high levels as P2, P8 and P10. Relating to the values on the Plot Infestation price, it ranges from 0.01(.008) to 2.70 (.371) (Table four), covering the entire variety of variation, although in most circumstances, the price remained at minimum levels of harm. The highest incidence was recorded in P2, exactly where up to 12 lesions had been detected in two in the trees sampled, whereas only 1 or two galleries had been present in the rest of the trees.Table 4. Incidence of C. undatus estimated from Plot Infestation price (PI), the percentage of damaged cork oaks (PD) in relation for the total sampled trees and to the damage level obtained in every sampling plot (P). SD = regular deviation. Coraebus undatus Sampling Plot P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 PI SD 0 two.70 0.371 0.22 0.430 0.06 0.206 0.01 0.030 0 PD 0 58 30 6 four 0 Harm Level Absent Extremely high Incredibly low Extremely low Extremely low AbsentForests 2021, 12,eight ofTable four. Cont. Coraebus undatus Sampling Plot P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 PI SD 0.17 0.454 0.45 0.626 0.01 0.061 0.37 0.520 0 0.01 0.008 PD 34 66 4 56 0 2 Damage Level Pretty low Really low Pretty low Pretty low Absent Really lowConcerning to the percentage of infested trees (PD), there had been also large differences amongst plots, c.