The standard K6 scoring procedure [29, 36,37]. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that there was a disparity across regions in terms of psychological recovery. We suspect that this will not come as a surprise to many people living in the Canterbury region. Our informal impression is that these differences in psychological outcomes are mentioned fairly regularly within the Christchurch community. Our results add to this discussion by quantifying the magnitude of these effects and identifying the areas that are particularly affected. Such an approach is important as it provides critical insights into the areas that most need assistance during the recovery process and those who may still need assistance for their recovery.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: LG PM DO JB MG CS. Performed the experiments: LG PM YH SS CS. Analyzed the data: JB CS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB CS. Wrote the paper: LG PM YH SS DO JB MG CS.
buy (S)-(-)-Blebbistatin Tuberculosis (TB) ZM241385 biological activity remains a primary public health problem worldwide. The number of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cases has increased in recent years in Colombia. Knowledge of M. tuberculosis genotypes defined by spoligotyping can help determine the circulation of genotypes that must be controlled to prevent the spread of TB.ObjectiveTo describe the genotypes of M. tuberculosis using spoligotyping in resistant and drug-sensitive isolates and their possible associations with susceptibility to first-line drugs.MethodsAn analytical observational study was conducted that included 741 isolates of M. tuberculosis from patients. The isolates originated from 31 departments and were obtained by systematic surveillance between 1999 and 2012.ResultsIn total 61.94 of the isolates were resistant to 1 or more drugs, and 147 isolates were MDR. In total, 170 genotypes were found in the population structure of Colombian M. tuberculosis isolates. The isolates were mainly represented by four families: LAM (39.9 ), Haarlem (19 ), Orphan (17 ) and T (9 ). The SIT42 (LAM 9) was the most common genotype and contained 24.7 of the isolates, followed by the genotypes SIT62 (Haarlem1), SITPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0124308 June 11,1 /Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genotypes in Colombia(T1), and SIT50 (H3). A high clustering of isolates was evident with 79.8 of the isolates classified into 32 groups. The Beijing family was associated with resistant isolates, whereas the Haarlem and T families were associated with sensitive isolates. The Haarlem family was also associated with grouped isolates (p = 0.031).ConclusionsA high proportion (approximately 80 ) of isolates was found in clusters; these clusters were not associated with resistance to first-line drugs. The Beijing family was associated with drug resistance, whereas the T and Haarlem families were associated with susceptibility in the Colombian isolates studied.IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) remains a primary public health problem and is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8.6 million individuals worldwide were infected with TB in 2012, and although TB is a curable disease, 1.3 million individuals died from TB infections [1]. A steady trend in the incidence of tuberculosis has been observed in Colombia since 1999, with an average of 25 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and 11,000 new cases reported each year [2]. Regarding the cases resistant to first-l.The standard K6 scoring procedure [29, 36,37]. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that there was a disparity across regions in terms of psychological recovery. We suspect that this will not come as a surprise to many people living in the Canterbury region. Our informal impression is that these differences in psychological outcomes are mentioned fairly regularly within the Christchurch community. Our results add to this discussion by quantifying the magnitude of these effects and identifying the areas that are particularly affected. Such an approach is important as it provides critical insights into the areas that most need assistance during the recovery process and those who may still need assistance for their recovery.Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: LG PM DO JB MG CS. Performed the experiments: LG PM YH SS CS. Analyzed the data: JB CS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JB CS. Wrote the paper: LG PM YH SS DO JB MG CS.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a primary public health problem worldwide. The number of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) cases has increased in recent years in Colombia. Knowledge of M. tuberculosis genotypes defined by spoligotyping can help determine the circulation of genotypes that must be controlled to prevent the spread of TB.ObjectiveTo describe the genotypes of M. tuberculosis using spoligotyping in resistant and drug-sensitive isolates and their possible associations with susceptibility to first-line drugs.MethodsAn analytical observational study was conducted that included 741 isolates of M. tuberculosis from patients. The isolates originated from 31 departments and were obtained by systematic surveillance between 1999 and 2012.ResultsIn total 61.94 of the isolates were resistant to 1 or more drugs, and 147 isolates were MDR. In total, 170 genotypes were found in the population structure of Colombian M. tuberculosis isolates. The isolates were mainly represented by four families: LAM (39.9 ), Haarlem (19 ), Orphan (17 ) and T (9 ). The SIT42 (LAM 9) was the most common genotype and contained 24.7 of the isolates, followed by the genotypes SIT62 (Haarlem1), SITPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0124308 June 11,1 /Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genotypes in Colombia(T1), and SIT50 (H3). A high clustering of isolates was evident with 79.8 of the isolates classified into 32 groups. The Beijing family was associated with resistant isolates, whereas the Haarlem and T families were associated with sensitive isolates. The Haarlem family was also associated with grouped isolates (p = 0.031).ConclusionsA high proportion (approximately 80 ) of isolates was found in clusters; these clusters were not associated with resistance to first-line drugs. The Beijing family was associated with drug resistance, whereas the T and Haarlem families were associated with susceptibility in the Colombian isolates studied.IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) remains a primary public health problem and is the second leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 8.6 million individuals worldwide were infected with TB in 2012, and although TB is a curable disease, 1.3 million individuals died from TB infections [1]. A steady trend in the incidence of tuberculosis has been observed in Colombia since 1999, with an average of 25 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and 11,000 new cases reported each year [2]. Regarding the cases resistant to first-l.